What is documentary research?
Documentary research is defined as research conducted by using official documents or personal documents as a source of information.
The documents can be the following:
- Newspapers
- Diaries
- Maps
- Brochures
- Directories
- Paints
- Government statistical publications
- Audio records
- Photographs
- Computer files
- Ribbons
Some of these examples may not fit the traditional invoice of a “document”, but because they contain information, they can be used for documentary research.
Social scientists often conduct documentary research. It is mainly carried out to evaluate various documents in the interest of social or historical value. Sometimes researchers also conduct desk research to study various documents about events or people.
Documentary research is similar to content analysis , which consists of studying the existing information recorded in the media, texts and physical elements. In this case, the collection of personal data is not required to conduct the research. So this is an excellent example of secondary research .
Another characteristic of documentary research is that the quality of the documents must be taken into account when using them as evidence about relationships and social meanings.
It should be noted that, unlike surveys and research interviews, documents are originally published / generated without regard to the purpose of the research. It is good practice to check documents against similar ones before making a decision.
Characteristics of the documentary research
In these examples you will be able to distinguish how a documentary research is applied in real life:
Documentary research in social research studies
Although documentary research is not widely used today, it is the research method used to conduct social research studies .
For example, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim used documentary research extensively for their research.
Karl Marx used documents on the employment of children in factories, corn laws, banking laws, and census reports from Wales and England to name a few.
Durkheim, one of the founders of sociology, wrote a book on suicide that is recognized as the first modern example of an organized and consistent use of documents for social research.
Documentary research for archival research
The field of sociology has a long-standing popular tradition of documentary research. Many historians refer to and depend on primary documents for their research.
Historians place more emphasis on historical documents while conducting research. Of course, as we evolve, virtual documents like emails will play an important role in the research activities carried out by these researchers.
Documentary research for aesthetic interpretation
Documentary research is not limited to text only. Images, paintings, videos, audio files, monuments are also used to conduct research.
Documentary researchers use these tools in addition to texts while studying social science. The use of these tools increases the authenticity of the textual research, or may very well point out deviations in the findings. This bias suggests that researchers do more research to draw accurate conclusions.
Documentary research methodology
Another characteristic of documentary research is that if done thoroughly, it can help to develop a hypothesis or to prove or disprove an existing hypothesis. This, of course, depends on the applied methodology and the depth of the research carried out.
The investigator should conduct his or her own secondary research to analyze the content before extracting it. The data must be scientifically managed.
Follow this 4-step approach to control content quality:
- Authenticity of documents
- Document credibility
- Representativeness of the documents
- Meaning derived from documents
Let’s take a look at each of these points.
The authenticity of the documents
Authenticity implies if the origin of the document is reliable, if the evidence is genuine, if the intentions are sincere and what were the commitments to create the document. The authenticity of the source is the main criterion of the documentary research.
The credibility of the documents
By credibility we understand the subjective and objective components that make the information source believe and if the data is free from distortion and error. The information must be reliable and you must have some level of expertise.
Representativeness of the documents
Representativeness refers to whether the document represents a larger collection of the data point, and is an aggregation of the topic under study.
That said, documents become distorted over time due to the inclusion of new factors, and the documents must be verified to be representative.
The meaning derived from the documents
It means if the findings are understandable and clear to be called evidence. The goal of examining documents is to understand their meaning. Researchers must find out whether the document fits the historical context or not.
Advantages of documentary research
Here are some other characteristics of documentary research that are favorable for choosing to undertake this type of research:
Readily available data: Data is available from various sources. You just have to know where to look and how to use them. Data is available in different forms, and leveraging it is the real challenge.
Cheap and inexpensive : Data for research is already collected and published in print or other forms. The researcher does not have to spend money and time as he does to gather the knowledge of the market research and gather the data. You need to search and compile the data available from different sources.
Saves time: Conducting market research is time consuming. Responses will not arrive quickly as expected, and collecting global responses will take an enormous amount of time. If you have all the referenced documents (or know where to find them), the research is relatively quick.
No biases : The collection of primary data tends to be biased. This bias depends on many factors, such as the age of the respondents, the time they spend on the survey, their mindset when taking the survey, their gender, their feelings towards certain ideas, to name a few. The list goes on and on when it comes to survey biases.
The presence of the researcher is not necessary during data collection : The researcher does not need to be present during data collection. It is virtually impossible for the researcher to be present at every point in the data source, especially with the various data sources in mind.
Useful for hypotheses : Use historical data to make inferences from current or future events. Conclusions can be drawn from the experience of past events and the data available to them.
Disadvantages of documentary research
Here are the downsides of the documentary research method:
Limited data : Data is not always available, especially when you need to verify a theory or reinforce the argument based on different forms of data.
Inaccuracies : Since the data is historical and published, there is almost no way to determine whether the data is accurate or not.
Incomplete documents : Often the documents can be incomplete, and there is no way of knowing if there are additional documents to refer to on the subject.
Data out of context : The data that the researcher refers to may be out of context and may not be consistent with the concept the researcher is trying to study. This is because the purpose of the research is not thought about when creating the original data. Researchers often have to settle for the data at hand.
These were some characteristics of the documentary research that will be very useful to you in deciding if this is the type of research you need to carry out.
Examples of documentary research
Depending on the researcher, documentary researches can be complex and schematic processes or a very simple activity.
For example, an elementary school student might do a little desk research at home. If the teacher sends him to do a task in the natural sciences, the student will look for references in some books or on the Internet; This can be considered as a desk research.
However, there are more complex documentary researches. This is the case for scientists, who must follow a much more rigorous methodology. These researchers must be very clear about their goals and use academic sources.
the last dance
The Last Dance is a documentary streamed on Netflix about Michael Jordan’s final season with the Chicago Bulls before his first retirement as a basketball player. That year, in 1998, the Bulls made history by winning the sixth touch.
To prepare a project like this, an important part was dedicated to documentary research. For this, interviews were carried out with former colleagues and specialized journalists, references from the media of the time were sought and videos were obtained from the image bank of the company that owned the rights.
All this to obtain the most reliable information possible and to explain the historic moment in which North American sport lived at the end of the 20th century. With all that has been collected, the writers’ goal is to synthesize the content to deliver a compelling product to the end user.
Simple examples of desk research
– When a student does not know a concept, they can look up the meaning in a book or on the Internet and take notes; This is classified as desk research.
– If a gardener wants to know which plants are used for medicinal purposes, he will search a book on plants and watch videos explaining how to use them. The gardener can take notes and draw his own conclusions. This is also a documentary research.
– Scientists are the ones who use documentary research the most, especially if they want to carry out experiments in the laboratory. For example, this type of research lets them know if a current disease has appeared earlier in human history.
– Documentary research is the most used process in the development of university theses. They are also used to prepare monographs (i.e. in-depth studies on a specific subject).
– A documentary research is carried out when information on family ancestors is desired. For example, if a person wants to know if he is of Arab descent, he can use this type of research to learn about family history and build a family tree.
– Historians also often use this method of study and research. In fact, history is a discipline that requires constant research to obtain new contributions.
For example, if a historian wants to know in depth the life and work of Simón Bolívar or Napoleón Bonaparte, he will have to resort to bibliographic and newspaper sources. This will allow you to rebuild the lives of these characters.
– In general, whenever a study is carried out, the processes of a documentary research are used. Therefore, this method is used by almost all people from an early age and can be used in the course of any career or profession.